Computer Basics ( Computer Fundamentals)
What is Computer?
कंप्यूटर क्या
है?
Computer
is an electronic digital machine that can take data, process it and gave out
information.
कंप्यूटर एक इलेक्ट्रॉनिक डिजिटल मशीन है जो डेटा ले सकता है, उसे प्रोसेस अथवा प्रक्रिया कर सकता है और जानकारी दे सकता है।
A computer is an electronic device that
accepts processes, stores and output the data at high speed.
कंप्यूटर एक
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक
उपकरण
है
जो
डेटा
को
उच्च
गति
से
प्रोसेस
अथवा प्रक्रिया
करता
है, स्टोर
करता
है
और
आउटपुट
या
जानकारी
देता
है।
Data
Data
is a collection of numbers, alphabets and figures.
Process
The
work that is done on data is called process. The process could be anything like
addition, subtraction or a comparison.
Information
When
data has been worked upon to give something more useful to the user, it is
called information.
Use of computer:
Computer
has rapidly uses in education, offices, school, banks, companies, ticket
booking, scientific work, research etc.
Some computer terms or basic operations:
Inputting : The process of entering data and
instructions into the computer system.
Storing : Saving data and instructions.
Processing : Performing arithmetic and logical
operations.
Outputting : The
process of producing useful and processed information or result.
Computer Hardware
What is Computer Hardware?
कंप्यूटर हार्डवेयर
क्या
है ?
Computer
hardware refers to the physical parts or elements of a computer system that enable you to perform major functions which
we can see and touch. Some examples or hardware parts; monitor, keyboard,
mouse, CPU, printer etc.
कंप्यूटर हार्डवेयर
कंप्यूटर
सिस्टम
के
भौतिक
भागों
या
तत्वों
को
संदर्भित
करता
है
जो
आपको
प्रमुख
कार्य
करने
में
सक्षम
बनाता
है
जिन्हें
हम
देख
और
छू
सकते
हैं।
हार्डवेयर
भागों
के
कुछ
उदाहरण; मॉनिटर, कीबोर्ड, माउस, सीपीयू, प्रिंटर
आदि।
Hardware can be classified into various hardware components or devices. The
four main computer hardware devices are:
1.
Input device 2.
Storage device (memory)
3.
Processing device 4. Output device
1. Input device
Input
devices are used to put data and instructions into the computer.
इनपुट डिवाइस
का
उपयोग
कंप्यूटर
में
डेटा
और
निर्देश
डालने
के
लिए
किया
जाता
है।
Some examples of Input Devices –
Keyboard
Its
layout is very similar to typewriter. It is used for typing data.
Mouse
It
is a pointing input device that works upon GUI (Graphical User Interface) platform.
Touch Pad
This
device is used on Laptop computers instead of moving a mouse; you move your
finger across the pad.
Scanner
A
Scanner is used to make a copy of what is on paper and store it in computer.
Digital Camera
Digital
camera is used to take photographs.
2. Storage device (memory)
Storing
devices is used to store or save data and instructions into the computer.
स्टोरेज डिवाइस का उपयोग डेटा और निर्देशों को कंप्यूटर में स्टोर या सेव (
संग्रहित
) करने के लिए किया जाता है।
Some examples of storing Devices –
For
storing computer uses its memory.
Memory can be divided into two parts:
a)
Primary or main memory
b)
Secondary or backing storage
a) Primary or main memory
Main
memory of a computer is a general term any type of computer memory other than
backing storage.
Type of primary or main memory
1. Random Access Memory (RAM)
It
is a type of computer memory which holds the temporary. RAM is a volatile
memory.
2. Read only Memory (ROM)
It
is a type of computer memory that holds its data permanently. ROM is a
non-volatile memory.
Storage Units
The
computer uses the binary number system to store the data.
Binary
number system has two digits 0 and 1.
Measurement
unit of computer memory
4 Bits = 1
Nibble
8 Bits = 1
Byte
1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte
(KB)
1024 KB = 1
Megabyte (MB)
1024 MB = 1 Gigabyte
(GB)
1024 GB = 1
Terabyte (TB)
b)
Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is used as permanent
storage for programs and data into a computer system.
Some
examples :
Hard disk Drive, SSD, optical storage
(CD ROM, CD RW, DVD), Magnetic tape, flash drive or pen drive, memory card etc.
3.
Processing device
Processing
devices is used to process the data and instructions.
प्रोसेसिंग डिवाइस का उपयोग डेटा और निर्देशों को प्रोसेस अथवा प्रक्रिया
करने के लिए किया जाता है।
Example of processing device:
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The
CPU is the main part or brain of a computer and consists three main parts :
1. Control Unit (CU)
It
coordinates and controls the whole operations of the computer.
2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
It
performs the arithmetic and the logical operations.
3. Main Memory
It
contains or store data and instructions.
4. Output Device
Output
devices are used to output the information or result.
आउटपुट डिवाइस
का
उपयोग
सूचना
या
परिणाम
को
आउटपुट
करने
के
लिए
किया
जाता
है।
Some examples:
Monitor or Visual Display Unit (VDU),
LCD and LED (monitor):
Monitor
display or provide soft copy of data on the screen.
Printer :
It
provides hard copy of data.
Speaker and headphones :
Gave
output in the form of sound such as music or videos.
Computer Software
What is software?
सॉफ्टवेयर क्या
है?
सॉफ्टवेयर
किसे
कहते
हैं?
Software
is actually a set of instructions that helps the computer understand the job
that we want it to do. These set of instruction is called program or software.
सॉफ़्टवेयर वास्तव में निर्देशों का एक समूह है जो कंप्यूटर को वह कार्य समझने में मदद करता है जो हम उससे कराना चाहते हैं। निर्देशों के इस सेट को प्रोग्राम या सॉफ्टवेयर कहा जाता है।
Types of software
Computer
software is classified into two categories:
a)
Application software b)
System software
Application
software
Application
software is a set of one or more programs to carry out a specified task or
work.
एप्लिकेशन सॉफ़्टवेयर किसी निर्दिष्ट कार्य या कार्य को करने के लिए एक या अधिक प्रोग्रामों का एक सेट है।
Examples
: Tally, word, excel, PowerPoint, access,
Photoshop etc.
System software
System
software is a set of one or more programs, designed to control the entire
operation of the computer system.
सिस्टम सॉफ़्टवेयर एक या अधिक प्रोग्रामों का एक सेट है, जो कंप्यूटर सिस्टम के संपूर्ण संचालन को नियंत्रित करने के लिए डिज़ाइन किया गया है l
System
software has divided into two parts:
1)
Operating system 2) Translator program
(compiler, interpreter)
Operating system
It
is a program that controls the overall operation of the computer and any
devices that are attached to it.
Examples: Dos, Windows xp, windows 7, windows 10, windows
11, Linux, Ubuntu etc.
Translator program
A
translator is a program or software that converts source code into machine
code.
Examples : compilers, interpreters, assemblers.
|
A whole computer
system is a combination of hardware and software, computer
system is made up of various hardware parts or devices and
software's. |
Firmware
What is
Firmware?
फ़र्मवेयर
क्या
है? फ़र्मवेयर किसे
कहते
हैं?
Firmware is a software program or set of
instructions programmed on a hardware device. It provides the necessary
instructions for how the device communicates with the other computer hardware.
Firmware is a microcode or program that is
inserted into the memory of hardware or equipment gadgets to assist them with
working.
फ़र्मवेयर एक सॉफ़्टवेयर प्रोग्राम या हार्डवेयर डिवाइस पर प्रोग्राम किए गए निर्देशों का सेट है। यह डिवाइस अन्य कंप्यूटर हार्डवेयर के साथ कैसे संचार करता है,
इसके लिए आवश्यक निर्देश प्रदान करता है।
फ़र्मवेयर एक माइक्रोकोड या प्रोग्राम है जिसे हार्डवेयर या उपकरण गैजेट की मेमोरी में काम करने में सहायता के लिए डाला जाता है।
There are some examples of devices that use firmware
include:
Some examples of Firmware
BIOS in computer, code
inside a printer, router, USB connected devices Mouse and keyboard, hard drive,
SSD etc.
